CATEGORIES
- System and Environment
- Network
- Public IP
- DNS Utilities
- Mounting Volumes
- General Linux Tips
- Ubuntu Tips
- Raspberry PI Tips
- Kali Tips
- Forensics Tools
- Western Digital NAS
- VMWare ESXi Tips
- NVIDIA Drivers
SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENT
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname newHostName id || (whoami && groups) 2>/dev/null id -un uname uname -a uname -r uname -m sudo apt install neofetch && neofetch w last -aiF lastb -adF arch lsb_release -rd cat /proc/version (cat /proc/version || uname -a ) 2>/dev/null systemctl show-environment env set uptime lsblk lsblk -f lscpu lsusb lspci lspci -vvv lsmod echo $SHELL echo $HOME reset man commantName tldr commandName apropos commandName
History of commands:
history -c
history -r
set +o history
# history does not store this command
set -o history
history
!123
HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y-%m-%d %T "
cat ~/.bash_history | fzf -i
Preventing a command to me logged in history if it starts with space (~/.bashrc):
HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth
List all available commands, aliases, bash built-ins, bash keywords, and bash functions:
compgen -c compgen -a compgen -b compgen -k compgen -A function
Display kernel’s ring buffer messages being sent to the syslog since last boot (human timestamp, watch as it happens, filter content, and clear buffer):
sudo dmesg -T sudo dmesg -w sudo dmesg | grep error sudo dmesg | grep usb sudo dmesg -c
List timers and services of the system:
systemctl list-timers --all systemctl list-units --type=service systemctl --all
Storage volume speed test:
sudo apt install hdparm hdparm -tv -direct /dev/sdc1
Inodes:
ls -i stat fileName df -i
sudo apt install inotify-tools -y inotifywait -m -q -e modify /var/log/applicationLogs
Note: there is a Kernel module called fanotify that is capable to monitor and intercept filesystem events.
List users, list super-users, who is logged, last logged users, the last login by users, and list all users and groups:
cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1 awk -F: '($3 == "0") {print}' /etc/passwd w last lastlog for i in $(cut -d":" -f1 /etc/passwd 2>/dev/null);do id $i;done 2>/dev/null | sort id userName
Get password policy:
grep "^PASS_MAX_DAYS\|^PASS_MIN_DAYS\|^PASS_WARN_AGE\|^ENCRYPT_METHOD" /etc/login.defs
Find files writeable by anybody or any group:
find / '(' -type f -or -type d ')' '(' '(' -user $USER ')' -or '(' -perm -o=w ')' ')' 2>/dev/null | grep -v '/proc/' | grep -v $HOME | sort | uniq
for g in `groups`; do find \( -type f -or -type d \) -group $g -perm -g=w 2>/dev/null | grep -v '/proc/' | grep -v $HOME; done
find . -mindepth 1 -type f -name "*.zip"
find . -mindepth 1 -type f -name "*.zip" -printf x | wc -c
Read a specific line number from a file:
awk 'NR==50' fileName sed '50!d' fileName
Running processes:
ps aux ps -ef pgrep -l ssh pgrep -u root top -n 1
Running processes with a given priority and changing the priority of the running process:
nice -n 3 script.sh renice +1 -p PID renice 5 -p PID
Note: PID is the process ID that can be found out using the ps command. And the priority range is from -20 (high priority) to +19 (low priority).
Reparent a running program to a new terminal:
sudo reptyr PID sudo reptyr -s PID
List detailed information about all PCI buses and devices:
lspci
Configure and update Grub:
sudo nano /etc/default/grub sudo update-grub
See also the configuration files inside /etc/grub.d/.
Remove welcome banner:
touch .hushlogin
Comand-line calendar:
cal
Create a Linux password hash:
mkpasswd -m sha-512
Refresh the cloned instance/virtual machine:
apt purge cloud-init apt install cloud-init nano /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg cloud-init clean cloud-init init
Applications that work with core/distribution libraries to install software:
- apt – Debian
- pacman – Arch
- yum – CentOS
- dnf – Fedora
- zypper – openSUSE
- apk-tools – Alpine
- snap – Ubuntu-based
- flatpak – Multiple
Flatpak basic commands:
sudo apt install flatpak gnome-software-plugin-flatpak -y flatpak remotes flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo flatpak remote-delete flathub flatpak search firefox flatpak update flatpak list flatpak list --app flatpak history
Scheduling a shutdown:
shutdown -h 20 shutdown +20 shutdown -r 20 shutdown -r +20 shutdown -h 17:30
Canceling a scheduled shutdown
shutdown -c
NETWORK
hostname -I ip address ip route ip neighbor ip link sudo ip route add default via 192.168.2.1 dev wlan0 sudo ip route add 10.0.0.0/24 via 192.168.2.1 dev eth0 sudo ip route del 10.0.0.0/24 via 192.168.2.1 dev eth0 ip route get 8.8.8.8 nmcli device status nmcli con show nmcli connection show SSID nmcli connection show "Wired connection 1" nmcli -g ip4.address,ip4.dns connection show SSID ss --tcp ss --udp ss --listening ss -ltn arp -e arp -a systemd-resolve --status resolvectl sudo systemctl restart systemd-resolved nslookup example.com nslookup -type=ns example.com nslookup -type=mx example.com nslookup -type=aaaa example.com nslookup -type=txt example.com nslookup 8.8.4.4
Measure throughput of a network connection between client and server:
iperf -s # for the server iperf -c 10.0.0.1 # for the client
Check the process ID that is connected to a specific port and open ports:
lsof -i lsof -i :22 (netstat -punta || ss --ntpu) sudo ss -ltpn
Capture / Sniff TCP traffic:
tcpdump -D tcpdump -i eth0 -c 10 host 8.8.4.4 tcpdump -i eth0 src host 8.8.4.4 tcpdump -i eth0 dst host 8.8.4.4 tcpdump -i eth0 net 10.10.10.0 mask 255.255.255.0 tcpdump -i eth0 net 10.10.10.0/24 tcpdump -i eth0 port 53 tcpdump -i eth0 host 8.8.4.4 and port 53 tcpdump -i eth0 port not 23 and not 22 timeout 1 tcpdump timeout 1 tcpdump > output.txt timeout 1 tcpdump | tee output.txt
Changing network interfaces metric:
sudo apt-get install ifmetric sudo ifmetric wlx70f11c1927ef 599 ip route
Manage network connections over CLI:
nmtui
Check routing path using Trace Route (ICPM) and Trace Path (UDP)
traceroute 8.8.8.8
tracepath 8.8.8.8
PUBLIC IP
curl https://ipinfo.io/ip curl http://ipecho.net/plain dig +short myip.opendns.com @resolver1.opendns.com dig -4 +short myip.opendns.com @resolver1.opendns.com dig -6 +short myip.opendns.com @resolver1.opendns.com
DNS UTILITIES
sudo apt install dnsutils -y dig example.com whois dftorres.ca nmcli dev show | grep 'IP4.DNS'
Using Systemd Resolved
systemd-resolve domain.com systemd-resolve --status systemd-resolve --flush-caches sudo systemctl restart systemd-resolved
OR
resolvectl status resolvectl flush-caches
MOUNTING VOLUMES
Mounting volumes on the boot:
ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/ sudo nano /etc/fstab
Append a line according to the examples:
UUID=0e5accff-ddcb-46ac-bd52-94719086959b /mounting_point ext4 defaults 0 0 OR /dev/sdb1 /mounting_point ext4 defaults 0 0
Apply changes without restarting:
sudo mount -a
FInd mounted volumes in the system:
findmnt findmnt -l
To list all Samba/Windows shares in your workgroup:
nmblookup -S WORKGROUP
List and connect to SMB shares:
smbclient -L \\\\192.168.2.78 smbclient \\\\192.168.2.78\\IPC$
Show the tree of hosts and shares in the Windows Network:
smbtree
Manually mounting a private share with write privileges given to the user:
sudo mount -t cifs -o username=${USER},password=${PASSWORD},uid=$(id -u),gid=$(id -g) //server-address/folder /mount/path/on/ubuntu
Mount anonymous shares from SMB locally with all users read and write privileges on boot:
//192.168.254.254/Public /home/user/Public cifs rw,username=geek,password=geek,noperm 0 0
List NFS exports (locally and remotelly):
showmount -e showmount -e 192.168.1.1
Check and repair file system:
sudo umount /dev/sdb1 sudo fsck -p /dev/sdb1 sudo mount /dev/sdb1
Note: the option -p will allow the tool to automatically repair problems that can be safely repaired without user intervention.
Using Bind Mount as a way to mount a directory in another directory (like an alias, a mirror or a mapping point):
sudo mount --bind /PATH/dataSource /PATH/mountLocation sudo mount --rbind /PATH/dataSource /PATH/mountLocationRecursive
Check all real mounting points of the system:
sudo findmnt --real
GENERAL LINUX TIPS
Send messages to all active terminals sessions:
sudo wall "System under maintenance!"
App to get all hardware info:
sudo apt-get install -y hardinfo
Create a backup of a file while editing with Nano:
nano -B fileName
Ways to create a file with a certain size:
truncate -s 10M fileName fallocate -l $((10*1024*1024)) fileName head -c 10MB /dev/zero > fileName head -c 10MB /dev/urandom > fileName dd if=/dev/zero bs=10MB count=1 of=fileName dd if=/dev/urandom bs=10MB count=1 of=fileName
Safe overwrite all unused space of the drive:
dd if=/dev/random of=big || rm big
Cleanly killing processes:
sudo sigterm PID sudo sigkill PID sudo sigstop PID
Overwrite files before deleting:
shred -f -n 5 -z -u -v filename
ARP Scan to find all devices in the network (replace wlan0 by the interface you want to perform the search):
sudo apt-get install arp-scan sudo arp-scan --interface=wlan0 --localnet
Printing file content or output on the screen/terminal:
cat file.txt | more cat file.txt | less less file.txt
Shortcut to rename or copy a file, great for backup:
mv file.{conf,bkp}
cp file.{conf,local}
Execute a single command to many targets:
mkdir -p -v /home/josevnz/tmp/{dir1,dir2,dir3}
Making temporary file/directory that is unique (excellent to prevent collision in automation scripts):
TMPFILE=‘mktemp‘ || exit 1 echo "Temporary file name $TMPFILE"
TMPDIR=‘mktemp -d‘ || exit 1 echo "Temporary directory name $TMPDIR"
Measuring latency between your device and another:
sudo apt install mtr mtr google.com
Check the ports that your server is listening to:
netstat -lt netstat -lu netstat -nr netstat -tulpn netstat -s netstat -tp netstat -an | grep ":22"
Run a script to check any shared outdated library is running in your server:
curl -s -L https://kernelcare.com/uchecker | sudo python
Alternative to wget (axel) but with multi-threads:
axel -a -n 1 "https://example.com/file.zip
Automate the response of a repetitive prompt of an application or script ()use it with caution):
yes | command yes string | command
See also the command expect for more granular automation based on expected prompt and appropriated responses.
Record all session, from the issue commands to the output of them to a file that can be replayed for audit or training purposes:
script --timing=timeRecord.tm recordOutput
# commands_on_the_recorded_session exit
scriptreplay --timing=timeRecord.tm recordOutput
You just used a command and you forgot to use “sudo” before. Try this:
ufw status sudo !!
Reuse the last work from the previous command on the next:
mkdir NEW_DIRECTORY cd !$
Adding one user to many groups:
sudo usermod -aG group1,group2,group3 user
Removing a user from a group:
sudo gpasswd -d user group
Changing the home directory and moving its content for a user:
usermod -d /home/newHome --move-home userName
Showing user’s password expiration information:
chage -l userName
Changing user’s password expiration:
sudo chage -M 90 userName sudo chage -M 2030-12-31 userName
Watch multiple log files at the same time (alternative to tail -f):
sudo apt install multitail -y multitail kern.log syslog
Watch for a directory, file, or any other command every second:
watch -n 1 "ls -l"
Search for an application:
which nmap
dpkg --get-selections
dpkg -l | grep sshfs
rpm -qa | grep sshfs
Install compilers and kernel header to meet application’s installation requirements:
sudo apt install gcc make build-essential linux-headers-$(uname -r)
List kernel modules installed:
modprobe -h
Install and run 7ZIP to extract a .7z file:
sudo apt install p7zip p7zip-full p7zip-rar 7z e file.7z
Listing the content of a ZIP file:
zipinfo -1 file.zip unzip -l file.zip
Place an executable file in this folder to be accessible from anywhere and any user:
echo $PATH mv script.sh /usr/local/bin
See the history of the commands on CLI:
history
Check what the current user is allowed of executing with sudo.
sudo -l
Allow users to use the command sudo without a password prompt.
sudo nano /etc/sudoers.d/username
And add the following:
username ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
Keep sudo without prompting for a password during the section:
sudo -l
Lock and unlock users:
usermod -L userNameToLock usermod -U userNameToUnlock
OR
passwd -u userNameToLock passwd -u userNameToUnlock
Creating directory symbolic link:
ln -d -s /target /link
Getting destination of a symbolic link:
readlink -m symbolicLinkName
Transform piped input into arguments for a command:
ls | xargs rm
Going to the home directory of a user:
cd ~ubuntu
Removing the repeated values and returning the unique ones:
cat listOfItems.txt | uniq
Piping output to clipboard:
echo "hi" | xclip
Coding and decoding BASE64:
echo "ABC" | base64 echo "QUJDCg==" | base64 -d base64 <<< "ABC" base64 -d <<< "QUJDCg=="
Define variables in Bash then use them on commands:
export ip=10.0.0.1 port=53 nc -v $ip $port -e /bin/bash
Create an alias for a command (add to ~/.bash_aliases):
alias ll="ls -l"
Cutting and merging videos with FFMPEG:
ffmpeg -i video1.mp4 -ss 00:01 -to 01:18 output_1.mp4 ffmpeg -i video2.mp4 -ss 00:02 -to 01:01 output_2.mp4 ffmpeg -f concat -i list.txt -c copy output_merged.mp4
The list.txt would contain a list of the file to be merged as follows:
file output_1.mp4
file output_2.mp4
Change the default start mode to VMs in VirtualBox to headless:
VBoxManage modifyvm "vm name" --defaultfrontend headless VBoxManage setproperty defaultfrontend headless
Run an application or script in the background but detached from the terminal or shell:
nohup appToRunInBg.sh &
Using the < operator. Inputting the content of a file to a command:
cat < fileName.txt
Using the << operator. It is excellent for scripting commands:
telnet server.com << EOL firstCommand secondCommand EOL
Temporary file systems (tmpfs)
- /var/shm
- always tmpfs (RAM).
- /tmp
- on-disk but can be tmpfs, does not retain files on reboots.
- /var/tmp
- never on tmpfs, retains files on reboots.
Automation of X via command line:
sudo apt install xautomation xte "str Hello!" xte "key Return" xte "keydown Control_L" xte "keyup Control_L"
Converting Markdown to PDF:
pandoc -o new.pdf original.md
Manipulating PDF files:
sudo apt install qpdf -y
qpdf --empty --pages cover.pdf pages*.pdf -- combined.pdf qpdf --empty --pages book-one.pdf 2-7 book-two.pdf 3,5 -- selected-pages.pdf qpdf book.pdf book-page.pdf --split-pages # output file names: book-page-1.pdf book-page-2.pdf ... qpdf --rotate=+90:1 original.pdf rotated.pdf qpdf --encrypt userPassword ownerPassword 256 -- not-encrypted.pdf encrypted.pdf qpdf --decrypt --password=userPassword encryted.pdf not-encrypted.pdf
- —
- It refers to the standard input of the shell if data in been piped.
- –empty
- Tells qpdf to do not expect an input file and use piped data. Requires using —.
- –encrypt
- requires two entries, user and owner passwords. Both can be the same but if different, it will obey the security restrictions.
Emulate a KVM (keyboard + video + mouse) switch to control multiple systems [Link].
UBUNTU TIPS
Remove auto-mounted icons from the dock:
gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock show-mounts false
Linux CLI web browser:
links http://example.com
A very dangerous tool to configure your Gnome desktop (like Regedit on Windows):
sudo apt-get install -y dconf-editor
Find, enable, and disable the backlight of the keyboard (brightness from 0 to 3):
find /sys/class/leds -name '*kbd_backlight' echo 2 | sudo tee /sys/class/leds/dell::kbd_backlight/brightness echo 0 | sudo tee /sys/class/leds/dell::kbd_backlight/brightness
Set timeout for the keyboard backlight (in seconds):
sudo nano /sys/devices/platform/dell-laptop/leds/dell::kbd_backlight/stop_timeout
Setting timezone and adjusting the clock:
sudo timedatectl set-timezone America/Toronto sudo date +%T -s "23:59:59" sudo date +%Y%m%d -s "20220110"
Install ClipGrab (video download tool) in Ubuntu 20.04 (from Bionic repository):
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:clipgrab-team/ppa # edit the repository list and change distribution from focal to bionic sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install clipgrab
Change behavior when the laptop lid is closed in Ubuntu 20.04:
sudo gedit /etc/systemd/logind.conf
HandleLidSwitch=lock/ignore/poweroff/hibernate
systemctl restart systemd-logind.service
Allow Ubuntu 20.04 system to Hibernate:
sudo systemctl hibernate
RASPBERRY PI TIPS
Set a different user to be the default auto login for Raspbian (autologin-user=pi, change pi by your desired username):
nano /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf
List all USB devices connected to your machine:
lsusb
Removing line 8 from a text file:
sed -i '8d' ~/.ssh/known_hosts
Redirect output to null (useful with crontab):
> /dev/null 2>&1
Install all .deb files from the directory:
sudo dpkg -i *.deb
See used space in disk and RAM (try each and see how it works):
sudo free sudo df -h sudo du -sh / sudo du -sh /* sudo du -had 1 . | sort -rh sudo du -Sh / | sort -rh | head -5 sudo ncdu /
See progress while copying or transferring big files:
pv file.zip > /tmp/file.zip
Block ping response in Ubuntu/Debian:
sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1 sudo sysctl -p
Online services to test your server’s IPv6 connectivity:
https://tools.keycdn.com/ipv6-ping https://ipv6-test.com/validate.php
Keyboard oriented web browser for the CLI:
sudo apt install lynx lynx http://www.google.com
Converting images in batches:
mogrify -format jpg *.png
Returning to the previous directory:
cd -
pushd /var ... popd
Matrix screensaver on terminal:
sudo apt install cmatrix -y cmatrix
Print input in columns:
mount | column -t
Terminal shortcuts:
- ctrl+l – Clear screen.
- ctrl+u – Clear line.
- ctrl+r – Search in the history of commands.
KALI TIPS
Switches on and off a theme that makes Kali looks like a Windows 10 to “hide in plain sight”.
kali-undercover
Fixing Kali issue after Upgrade:
sudo apt install xfce4-settings -y
Manage the GNOME keyring:
sudo apt install seahorse -y
Then, go to the start menu and search for Passwords and Keys.
Disabling hardware beep (consider adding to /etc/rc.local):
#!/bin/bash rmmod pcspkr exit 0
Create the service file /etc/systemd/system/rc-local.service:
[Unit] Description=/etc/rc.local Compatibility ConditionPathExists=/etc/rc.local [Service] Type=forking ExecStart=/etc/rc.local start TimeoutSec=0 StandardOutput=tty RemainAfterExit=yes SysVStartPriority=99 [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
Flag as executable and enable the service on boot:
sudo chmod +x /etc/rc.local sudo systemctl enable rc-local
Adjusting the vertical and horizontal position of the display:
xrandr xrandr --output DP-1-3 --panning 1920x1080 --transform 1,0,-4,0,1,-5,0,0,1
The first command shows the names of the displays, then replaces DP-1-3 with the desired display to adjust.
Full upgrade:
sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade -y [ -f /var/run/reboot-required ] && sudo reboot -f
Manage handlers for Lid, power, and other switches:
sudo nano /etc/systemd/logind.conf
Remote Desktop
sudo apt install -y novnc x11vnc x11vnc -display :0 -autoport -localhost -nopw -bg -xkb -ncache -ncache_cr -quiet -forever /usr/share/novnc/utils/launch.sh --listen 8081 --vnc localhost:5900 ss -antp | grep vnc
Create an SSH tunnel for the VNC:
ssh [email protected] -L 8081:localhost:8081
Other applications pre-installed in Kali:
pdftotext fileName.pdf output.txt pdftohtml fileName.pdf output.html
FORENSICS TOOLS
Safe erase files in Linux with BleachBit (also available for Windows):
sudo apt install bleachbit sudo bleachbit
=> Windows version available at https://www.bleachbit.org/.
=> Alternative, Eraser available at https://eraser.heidi.ie/.
Encrypt system, disk, and volumes in Windows:
VeraCrypt available at https://www.veracrypt.fr/.
Create 1GB file for download or any other test:
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=1gb.zip bs=1 count=0 seek=$[1024*1024*1024]
Using DD to write an ISO file into an USB drive:
sudo dd bs=4M if=file.iso of=/dev/sdX conv=fdatasync status=progress
WESTERN DIGITAL NAS
Mount WD MyCloud Home in Linux manually:
sudo mount -t cifs //mycloud/Public /home/user/MyCloud/ -o username=geek,password=geek,uid=$(id -u),gid=$(id -g),forceuid,forcegid
Mount WD MyCloud Home in Linux automatically:
//mycloud/Public /home/user/MyCloud/ cifs username=geek,password=geek,iocharset=utf8,file_mode=0777,dir_mode=0777
WORKING WITH STRINGS AND FILES
Count the number of lines and the length of the longest line in a file:
wc -l /dirtectory/file.txt wc -L /dirtectory/file.txt
Search for files that contain the “text”:
grep -l 'text' *.*
Search for a ‘text’ in compressed files:
zcat filename.gz | grep -l 'text' zgrep -l 'text' *.*
See also zmore, zless, and zdiff.
Look for the position and line an occurrence of a byte (in hex) happens in a file:
grep -aob $'\x9d' fileName.txt
sed -n '/\x9d/=' fileName.txt
Grep with inverted match (returns if does not match the pattern):
cat fileName | grep -v 'string'
Searching for a file:
grep -R 'password' --include='*.py' --color /path
Sorte lines in the result of a command:
cat file.txt | sort
Print the content in reverse orders of the lines:
tac file.txt
Wrap up the output to fit in a specified width (default: 80 columns):
fold file.txt fold -w60 file.txt fold -s file.txt
Comparing files:
diff file1.txt file2.txt
Gathering information about a file:
file file.zip stat file.txt
Print the content of a binary file:
strings binary_file
Looking inside binary files expressed as hex format:
xxd binaryFile xxd -s 0x000123abc binaryFile | head -n 5
Note: on the second example, it seeks for the provided offset and only print 5 lines. It is particularly useful when searching for the content in an specific position that is in the middle of the file and perhaps broke an application/script.
Print numbers from 1 to 10 separated by space:
echo {1..10}
Usage of cut, -d ” ” informs that the delimiter between columns is the space character, and -f 4 inform the column you want o retrieve.
echo "a b c d e f g" | cut -d " " -f 4
Usage of tr, -d ” “ request to delete the spaces, replace each lowercase by uppercase, and replace spaces by return key (next-line), -s “a” squeezes the characters leaving only one occurrence of it, -d [:digit:] leave only digits, but -cd [:digit:] remove the digits and leave only the numbers.
echo "a b" | tr -d " " echo "a b" | tr " " "\n" echo "a b" | tr [a-z] [A-Z] echo "a b" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] echo "aaa" | tr -s "a" echo "a1b" | tr -cd [:digit:] echo "a1b" | tr -d [:digit:]
Inverting the order of characters:
echo "ABC" | rev
VMWARE ESXi TIPS
Enabling external USB driver to become datastores:
/etc/init.d/usbarbitrator stop chkconfig usbarbitrator off ls /dev/disks/
Preparing the disk:
partedUtil mklabel /dev/disks/mpx.vmhba33:C0:T0:L0 gpt eval expr $(partedUtil getptbl /dev/disks/mpx.vmhba33:C0:T0:L0 | tail -1 | awk '{print $1 " \\* " $2 " \\* " $3}') - 1 partedUtil setptbl /dev/disks/mpx.vmhba33:C0:T0:L0 gpt "1 2048 9999999999 AA31E02A400F11DB9590000C2911D1B8 0" vmkfstools -C vmfs6 -S USB-Datastore /dev/disks/mpx.vmhba33:C0:T0:L0:1
Note: the mpx.vmhba33:C0:T0:L0 shall be replaced with the local USB direct-access of your disk and 9999999999 with the last sector calculated by the second command.
NVIDIA DRIVERS
Check the model, add the repositories, and run the installation.
lspci | egrep 'VGA|NVIDIA'
Check first if the specific model has an installer at the official NVIDIA web site [Link].
For some modules, the following might be the installation route.
sudo apt-add-repository contrib && sudo apt-add-repository non-free && sudo apt update sudo apt install nvidia-driver -y && sudo reboot
After rebooting, verify the if the kernel module(s) were loaded.
lsmod | grep nvidia
Drivers for legacy/old hardware can be installed as follows.
sudo apt install nvidia-legacy-390xx-driver -y sudo reboot nvidia-smi
Note: certain distributions might install the drivers during system installation.